Veliko Tarnovo, often referred to as the “City of the tsars,” is one of Bulgaria’s most picturesque and historically rich cities. Situated on the Yantra River in the central part of the country, Veliko Tarnovo is renowned for its medieval architecture, lively cultural scene, and a history that dates back thousands of years. Why should one explore the rich tapestry of Veliko Tarnovo’s history, cultural significance, and attractions?
Historical Overview
The history of Veliko Tarnovo dates back to the 3rd millennium BCE when the area was inhabited by Thracian tribes. The city’s strategic location, with its natural fortifications provided by the Yantra River and surrounding hills, made it an ideal settlement. Over the centuries, Veliko Tarnovo has seen the rise and fall of various civilizations, each leaving its mark on the city. Veliko Tarnovo rose to prominence during the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1396), when it became the capital of the Bulgarian state. The Asen dynasty, led by brothers Asen and Peter, established the city as the political, cultural, and economic center of Bulgaria. The city’s golden age began under their rule, with Veliko Tarnovo becoming a significant hub for art, literature, and religion.
In 1393, Veliko Tarnovo fell to the Ottoman Empire, marking the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The city remained under Ottoman control for nearly five centuries, during which time it retained its importance as a regional center. Despite the challenges of foreign rule, Veliko Tarnovo’s resilient spirit endured, and the city played a crucial role in the Bulgarian National Revival and the struggle for independence.
Veliko Tarnovo was liberated from Ottoman rule in 1877 during the Russo-Turkish War. In 1879, the city hosted the Constituent Assembly, where Bulgaria’s first constitution was adopted, marking the beginning of the modern Bulgarian state. Today, Veliko Tarnovo is a vibrant city that blends its rich historical heritage with contemporary cultural and economic life.
Cultural and architectural highlights
Tsarevets Fortress is one of the most iconic landmarks of Veliko Tarnovo is the Tsarevets Fortress. This medieval stronghold served as the primary residence of the Bulgarian tsars during the Second Bulgarian Empire. The fortress, situated on a hill overlooking the Yantra River, features impressive stone walls, towers, and gates. Within the fortress, visitors can explore the remains of the Royal Palace, the Patriarchal Cathedral, and numerous churches and residential buildings. The Sound and light show held regularly at Tsarevets, is a spectacular audiovisual experience that narrates the history of Bulgaria.
Samovodska Charshiya, also known as Samovodene Market Street, is a charming area in Veliko Tarnovo that offers a glimpse into the city’s past. This cobblestone street is lined with traditional Bulgarian houses, craft workshops, and shops selling handmade goods. Visitors can watch artisans at work, creating pottery, weaving textiles, and forging metalworks, just as their ancestors did centuries ago. The Samovodska Charshiya is also home to several cozy cafes and restaurants where one can enjoy Bulgarian cuisine.
Churches and monasteries can be seen on every corner. Veliko Tarnovo is home to numerous churches and monasteries that reflect the city’s rich religious heritage. The Church of Saints Peter and Paul, dating back to the 13th century, is known for its beautiful frescoes and architectural design. The Church of the Holy Forty Martyrs, built in 1230, is another significant religious site, famous for its historical inscriptions. Nearby, the Preobrazhenski Monastery, founded in the 14th century, offers stunning views of the surrounding landscape and showcases impressive murals and icons.
Museums and galleries are also all around. Although the city can be accepted as one huge open-air museum, it still boasts several museums and galleries that preserve and exhibit the city’s cultural and historical legacy. The Archaeological Museum houses a vast collection of artifacts from different periods of the city’s history, including Thracian, Roman, and medieval relics. The Museum of the Bulgarian Revival and Constituent Assembly highlights the struggle for Bulgarian independence and the formation of the modern Bulgarian state. The Sarafkina House, a well-preserved example of Bulgarian National Revival architecture, offers insights into the lifestyle and traditions of the 19th century.
Education and culture are the core of Veliko Tarnovo. The city is home to one of Bulgaria’s most prestigious universities, the University of Veliko Tarnovo, named after Saints Cyril and Methodius. The university attracts students from all over Bulgaria and abroad, contributing to the city’s charming academic and cultural life. Numerous cultural events, festivals, and conferences are held throughout the year, celebrating the city’s rich heritage and fostering a spirit of creativity and intellectual exchange.
Festivals and events is something happening all year around. The Veliko Tarnovo International Folklore Festival, held annually in July, showcases traditional music, dance, and crafts from around the world. The City of the Tsars Festival, also known as Tsarevgrad Tarnov Festival, recreates medieval life with historical reenactments, crafts, and performances. The annual “Stambolov Days” commemorates the life and work of Bulgarian statesman Stefan Stambolov, featuring lectures, exhibitions, and cultural programs.
Culinary delights are how the cuisine of the city can be described literally. The cuisine of Veliko Tarnovo is a delightful blend of traditional Bulgarian flavors and modern culinary innovations. Local restaurants and taverns serve a variety of dishes, from hearty stews and grilled meats to fresh salads and pastries. Some must-try local specialties include “Tarnovski meze” (a selection of local appetizers), “kapama” (a slow-cooked meat and vegetable stew), and “banitsa” (a savory pastry made with filo dough and cheese). The city’s cafes and bakeries offer a wide range of sweets, including “kozunak” (a sweet bread) and “baklava” (a honey-soaked pastry).
The natural beauties of Veliko Tarnovo can not be missed. The Yantra River, which flows through Veliko Tarnovo, adds to the city’s scenic charm. The river’s winding course and the surrounding hills create breathtaking vistas, particularly from the vantage points of Tsarevets and Trapezitsa hills. The Yantra River is also a popular spot for outdoor activities such as fishing, kayaking, and hiking along its picturesque banks.
Located just a few kilometers from Veliko Tarnovo, the village of Arbanasi is a popular destination for its well-preserved architecture and serene atmosphere. Arbanasi is known for its 17th and 18th-century houses, many of which have been converted into guesthouses and museums. The village is also home to several historic churches and monasteries, including the Church of the Nativity of Christ, which features remarkable frescoes depicting biblical scenes.
A short drive from Veliko Tarnovo, the Hotnitsa Waterfall is a natural wonder worth visiting. This stunning waterfall cascades down a series of rocky steps into a crystal-clear pool, surrounded by lush greenery. The area around the waterfall offers hiking trails and picnic spots, making it a perfect destination for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts.
Practical information
Transportation: Veliko Tarnovo is easily accessible by various means of transportation. The city is well-connected by road, with regular bus services from major Bulgarian cities such as Sofia, Plovdiv, and Varna. The nearest airport is in Gorna Oryahovitsa, approximately 10 kilometers away, which offers domestic flights and limited international connections. The railway station in Veliko Tarnovo provides train services to Sofia, Varna, and other key destinations.
Accommodation: Veliko Tarnovo offers a wide range of accommodation options to suit different budgets and preferences. From luxury hotels and boutique guesthouses to budget-friendly hostels and family-run bed and breakfasts, visitors can find a place that meets their needs. Staying in the historic center or near Tsarevets Fortress provides easy access to the city’s main attractions and a chance to immerse oneself in its unique atmosphere.
The best time to visit is during the spring (April to June) and autumn (September to October) when the weather is mild and the city’s natural beauty is at its peak. The summer months can be hot, but they also offer vibrant festivals and events.
While Bulgarian is the official language, many people in Veliko Tarnovo, particularly those in the tourism industry, speak English. Learning a few basic Bulgarian phrases can enhance your experience and help you connect with the locals.
The official currency in Bulgaria is the Bulgarian Lev (BGN). Credit cards are widely accepted in hotels, restaurants, and shops, but it’s a good idea to carry some cash for smaller purchases and in rural areas.
Veliko Tarnovo is a city that captivates visitors with its rich history, stunning architecture, and vibrant cultural life. From the majestic Tsarevets Fortress and charming Samovodska Charshiya to the serene beauty of the Yantra River and nearby natural attractions, Veliko Tarnovo offers a diverse array of experiences for travelers. Whether you are a history enthusiast, a nature lover, or simply looking to explore the cultural heart of Bulgaria, Veliko Tarnovo is a destination that promises to leave a lasting impression.